@article { acp-10-10111-2010,
	doi = {10.5194/acp-10-10111-2010},
	url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/10111/2010/},
	pages = {10111--10128},
	number = {20},
	year = {2010},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	title = {Analysis of the chemical composition of organic aerosol at the Mt. Sonnblick observatory using a novel high mass resolution thermal-desorption proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometer (hr-TD-PTR-MS)},
	author = {Holzinger , R. and Kasper-Giebl , A. and Staudinger , M. and Schauer , G. and R\"ockmann , T.}
}

@book { ,
	journal = {alpine space - man & environment vol. 11},
	year = {2010},
	volume = {11},
	series = {alpine space - man & environment},
	editor = {Herwig Proske},
	booktitle = {Zwei Alpentäler im Klimawandel},
	title = {Zwei Alpentäler im Klimawandel},
	pages = {199},
	url = {http://www.uibk.ac.at/alpinerraum/publications/vol11/index.html.de},
	author = {Auer , Ingeborg and Prettenthaler , Franz and Böhm , Reinhard and Proske , Herwig}
}

@article { acp-10-12295-2010,
	doi = {10.5194/acp-10-12295-2010},
	url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/12295/2010/},
	pages = {12295--12316},
	number = {24},
	year = {2010},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	title = {Ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides time series at four alpine GAW mountain stations in central Europe},
	author = {Gilge , S. and Plass-Duelmer , C. and Fricke , W. and Kaiser , A. and Ries , L. and Buchmann , B. and Steinbacher , M.}
}

@article { Schöner2009,
	title = {Glazialhydrologisches Monitoring im Bereich des Rauriser Sonnblicks (Hohe Tauern, Österreich) },
	journal = {Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Feb},
	day = {01},
	volume = {61},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1--8},
	abstract = {In diesem Beitrag wird das glazialhydrologische Monitoring im Bereich der Rauriser Arche (Rauriser Sonnblick) beschrieben. Das Monitoring zeichnet sich durch langjährige und umfangreiche Messungen der Gletschermassenbilanz, des Glazialabflusses und der räumlich verteilten Niederschlagmenge und der Schneehöhe aus. Alle untersuchten Gletscher sind kleiner als 1.5 km2. Im Gegensatz zu dem ebenfalls sehr detaillierten Gletschermonitoring im Bereich der Rofenarche (Tirol), befindet sich das Sonnblickgebiet in einer sehr niederschlagsreichen Region. Dieser markante Unterschied in der Niederschlagsmenge hat eine deutlich höhere Klimasensitivität der Gletscher im Sonnblickgebiet zur Folge. Ein Vergleich der vorliegenden Ergebnisse für die 3 Gletscher des Monitorings im Bereich des Sonnblicks zeigt die große Bedeutung des Alpenhauptkammes als Klimascheide. So weist das nördlich gelegene Goldbergkees deutlich höhere Winterakkumulationen auf als die südlich gelegenen Gletscher Wurtenkees und Kleinfleißkees. Ergebnisse von kürzlich durchgeführten Messungen der Eismächtigkeiten zeigen für die untersuchten Gletscher maximale Eismächtigkeiten zwischen ca. 80 bis 150 m. Die vorliegenden Daten des Monitorings eignen sich sehr gut für die Kalibrierung and Validierung glazialhydrologische Modelle.},
	doi = {10.1007/s00506-008-0059-z},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00506-008-0059-z},
	author = {Schöner , W. and Hynek , B. and Böhm , R. and Binder , D. and Koboltschnig , G. and Holzmann , H.}
}

@inproceedings { ,
	keywords = {permafrost Sonnblick modelling},
	year = {2009},
	title = {Validation of a distributed physics-based model for permafrost simulations at Hoher Sonnblick, Austria, considering topographical diversity},
	series = {Geophysical research abstracts},
	publisher = {EGU},
	pages = {12436},
	number = {EGU2009-8973},
	booktitle = {6th EGU General Assembly : General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU 2009) , Vienna, Austria, 19 – 24 April 2009},
	eprint = {http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-8973.pdf},
	volume = {11},
	author = {Gubler , S. and Böckli , L. and Gruber , S. and DallAmico , M. and Endrizzi , S. and Riedl , C. and Ungersböck , M.}
}

@inproceedings { ,
	eprint = {http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-7990-1.pdf},
	booktitle = {6th EGU General Assembly : General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU 2009) , Vienna, Austria, 19 – 24 April 2009},
	number = {EGU2009-7990-1},
	pages = {12436},
	publisher = {EGU},
	series = {Geophysical research abstracts},
	title = {Assessment of the thermal and dynamic reaction scenarios of different permafrost typologies in the European Alps: A PermaNET initiative},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {permafrost, PermaNET},
	author = {Kellerer-Pirklbauer , A. and PermaNET Team ,}
}

@article { Schöner2009,
	title = {Long term trend of snow depth at Sonnblick (Austrian Alps) and its relation to climate change},
	journal = {Hydrological Processes},
	year = {2009},
	volume = {23},
	number = {7},
	pages = {1052--1063},
	abstract = {The extensive snow measurement network of the Sonnblick region (Hohe Tauern, Austrian Alps) is used to describe temporal trends of snow-depth as well as its relation to climate change for a high-elevated site of the European Alps (2400-3100 m.a.s.l.). Spatial representativeness of single snow stakes, with readings back to 1928, is derived for maximum snow-depth in May using a spatially dense snow depth probing from glacier mass balance measurements. Long-term trends of snow depth show a significant reduction in the contribution of snow accumulation from core-winter (1 December to 1 March) compared to early and late-winter periods. Largest values of snow-depth since 1928 were measured in the 1940s and 1950s. Comparison of monthly changes in snow-depth with precipitation measurements underlines the high influence of wind drift on snow-depth during winter season from 1 October to 30 April. Whereas inter-annual variability of maximum snow-depth is better explained by low elevation precipitation measurements than by local (high elevation) precipitation measurements, the longer-term mean of local precipitation measurements, however, fits well to the snow-depth measurements, if a mean snow-density of about 400 kg m-3 is assumed (which matches field observations). Both maximum snow-depth and winter season precipitation show a clear decreasing trend for inter-annual variability. A statistical relationship between air temperature and fraction of solid precipitation is used for estimation of temporal trends in the fraction of solid precipitation at measurement sites. For summer a decrease of about 1\\% of solid precipitation per decade was found for the lowest elevated sites whereas fraction of solid precipitation in winter remains stable. Relation between snow-depth and climate is investigated by means of local climate data of Sonnblick-Observatory (SBO) and by means of the North-Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). Whereas winter air-temperature is significantly correlated with the NAOI, for winter precipitation and snow depth on 1 May no correlation was found with NAOI. Copyright \\textcopyright 2008 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-1085},
	doi = {10.1002/hyp.7209},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7209},
	author = {Schöner , W. and Auer , I. and Böhm , R.}
}

@article { acp-8-6309-2008,
	issn = {1680-7316},
	url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6309/2008/},
	pages = {6309--6323},
	number = {20},
	year = {2008},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	title = {Reconstruction of erythemal UV-doses for two stations in Austria: a comparison between alpine and urban regions},
	author = {Rieder , H. E. and Holawe , F. and Simic , S. and Blumthaler , M. and Krzyścin , J. W. and Wagner , J. E. and Schmalwieser , A. W. and Weihs , P.}
}

@article { acp-8-7033-2008,
	issn = {1680-7316},
	url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/7033/2008/},
	pages = {7033--7043},
	number = {23},
	year = {2008},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	title = {Spectral UV measurements in Austria from 1994 to 2006: investigations of short- and long-term changes},
	author = {Simic , S. and Weihs , P. and Vacek , A. and Kromp-Kolb , H. and Fitzka , M.}
}

@article { tch-7872,
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008331},
	pages = {1--9},
	number = {D23S10},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Determination of water and alkaline extractable atmospheric humic -like substances with the TU Vienna HULIS analyser in samples from six background sites in Europe},
	author = {Feczko , Tibor and Puxbaum , Hans and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Handler , Markus and Limbeck , Andreas and Gelencser , Andras and Pio , Casimiro and Preunkert , Susanne and Legrand , Michel}
}

@article { tch-7873,
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008094},
	number = {D23S04},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin},
	author = {Gelencser , Andras and May , Barbara and Simpson , David and Sanchez Ochoa , Asuncion and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Puxbaum , Hans and Caseiro , Alexandre and Pio , Casimiro and Legrand , Michel}
}

@article { tch-8272,
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008019},
	pages = {\#\#},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Origin of C2-C5 dicarboxylic acids in the European atmosphere inferred from year-round aerosol study conducted at a west-east transect},
	author = {Legrand , Michel and Preunkert , Susanne and Oliveira , Tiago and Pio , Casimiro and Hammer , S and Gelencser , Andras and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Laj , Paolo}
}

@article { tch-8277,
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008080},
	pages = {\#\#},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Major 20th century changes of carbonaceous aerosol components (EC, WinOC,DOC, HULIS, carboxylic acids and cellulose) derived from Alpine ice cores},
	author = {Legrand , Michel and Preunkert , Susanne and Schock , Martin and Cerqueira , Mario and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Afonso , Joana and Pio , Casimiro and Gelencser , Andras and Dombrowski-Etchevers , I}
}

@article { ,
	title = {Seasonal trends and possible sources of brown carbon based on 2-year aerosol measurements at six sites in Europe},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	year = {2007},
	volume = {112},
	number = {D23S18},
	pages = {1--9},
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008151},
	author = {Lukacs , H and Gelencser , Andras and Hammer , S and Puxbaum , Hans and Pio , Casimiro and Legrand , Michel and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Handler , Markus and Limbeck , Andreas and Simpson , David and Preunkert , Susanne}
}

@article { tch-7874,
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008038},
	pages = {1--15},
	number = {D23S02},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe},
	author = {Pio , Casimiro and Legrand , Michel and Oliveira , Tiago and Afonso , Joana and Santos , C and Caseiro , Alexandre and Fialho , Paolo and Barata , F and Puxbaum , Hans and Sanchez Ochoa , Asuncion and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Gelencser , Andras and Preunkert , Susanne and Schock , Martin}
}

@article { tch-7875,
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD008114},
	pages = {1--11},
	number = {D23S05},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European background aerosol},
	author = {Puxbaum , Hans and Caseiro , Alexandre and Sanchez Ochoa , Asuncion and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Claeys , Magda and Gelencser , Andras and Legrand , Michel and Preunkert , Susanne and Pio , Casimiro}
}

@article { tch-7876,
	pages = {1--8},
	number = {D23S08},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	title = {Concentration of atmospheric cellulose: A proxy for plant debris across a west-east transect over Europe},
	author = {Sanchez Ochoa , Asuncion and Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Puxbaum , Hans and Gelencser , Andras and Legrand , Michel and Pio , Casimiro}
}

@article { acp-7-4311-2007,
	issn = {1680-7316},
	url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4311/2007/},
	pages = {4311--4326},
	number = {16},
	year = {2007},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	title = {Influence of altitude on ozone levels and variability in the lower troposphere: a ground-based study for western Europe over the period 2001–2004},
	author = {Chevalier , A. and Gheusi , F. and Delmas , R. and Ordóñez , C. and Sarrat , C. and Zbinden , R. and Thouret , V. and Athier , G. and Cousin , J.-M.}
}

@article { Kaiser20079273,
	abstract = {
The Alpine stations Zugspitze, Hohenpeissenberg, Sonnblick, Jungfraujoch and Mt. Krvavec contribute to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The aim of GAW is the surveillance of the large-scale chemical composition of the atmosphere. Thus, the detection of air pollutant transport from regional sources is of particular interest. In this paper, the origin of NOx (measured with a photo-converter), CO and O3 at the four Alpine GAW stations is studied by trajectory residence time statistics. Although these methods originated during the early 1980s, no comprehensive study of different atmospheric trace gases measured simultaneously at several background observatories in the Alps was conducted up to present.
The main NOx source regions detected by the trajectory statistics are the northwest of Europe and the region covering East Germany, Czech Republic and southeast Poland, whereas the main CO source areas are the central, north eastern and eastern parts of Europe with some gradient from low to high latitudes. Subsiding air masses from west and southwest are relatively poor in NOx and CO.
The statistics for ozone show strong seasonal effects. Near ground air masses are poor in ozone in winter but rich in ozone in summer. The main source for high ozone concentration in winter is air masses that subside from higher elevations, often enhanced by foehn effects at Hohenpeissenberg. During summer, the Mediterranean constitutes an important additional source for high ozone concentrations.
Especially during winter, large differences between Hohenpeissenberg and the higher elevated stations are found. Hohenpeissenberg is frequently within the inversion, whereas the higher elevated stations are above the inversion.
Jungfraujoch is the only station where the statistics detect an influence of air rich in CO and NOx from the Po Basin.},
	keywords = {Air pollutant transport},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-4PPF6G2-4/2/a31a0db35be6df98c6f0f923b2b9ecbe},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.027},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {9273 - 9287},
	number = {40},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia)},
	author = {Kaiser , August and Scheifinger , Helfried and Spangl , Wolfgang and Weiss , Andrea and Gilge , Stefan and Fricke , Wolfgang and Ries , Ludwig and Cemas , Danijel and Jesenovec , Brigita}
}

@conference { simic:597927,
	editor = {Klaus Schafer and Adolfo Comeron and James R. Slusser and Richard H. Picard and Michel R. Carleer and Nicolaos I. Sifakis},
	collaboration = {},
	title = {Factors affecting changes of spectral UV irradiance at the Sonnblick Observatory (3106 m, Austria)},
	publisher = {SPIE},
	year = {2005},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere X},
	volume = {5979},
	number = {1},
	eid = {597927},
	numpages = {9},
	pages = {597927},
	location = {Brugge, Belgium},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?PSI/5979/597927/1},
	doi = {10.1117/12.627414},
	abstract = {Factors affecting changes of spectral UV irradiance at the Sonnblick Observatory are studied. Spectral UV measurements at wavelengths from 290 nm to 400 nm performed during the period from 1994 to 2003 are used in this investigation. These measurements have been performed with a Brewer ozone single spectrophotometer and with a Bentham DM 150 spectroradiometer (double monochromator). The radiative transfer model DISORT (based on the Discrete Ordinate Method) was used in the simulations. Measurements of UV-radiation at Sonnblick at 305 nm under clear sky conditions show, that the snowline may influence the irradiance by mean by 24%. Cloudiness enhances the influence of the albedo since multiple reflections between surface and lower bond of the clouds become more probable. In presence of 8/8 cloud cover, UV irradiance at 305 nm is enhanced by a factor of 1.7 when the snowline is 800 m instead of 3000 m. In addition to the snowline, clouds situated below the Sonnblick are responsible for increased albedo and consequently increased radiation. Model calculations show that average albedo is increased by 0.28 ± 0.15 due to 4/8 cloud cover or more below the top of the mountain. The influence of ozone, albedo and clouds on UV variability is evaluated separately using 10-year climatology. It was found that the effect of total ozone on short- term variability of UV irradiance at 305 nm can be more than 200% and on average 56%. Clouds can cause variability of 150% or more and on average 35%. },
	author = {Simic , Stana and Weihs , Philipp and Kromp-Kolb , H. and Vacek , A. and Laube , W.}
}

@article { tch-704,
	pages = {1907--1908},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2002},
	journal = {Atmos. Environ.},
	title = {Discussion on ''Control of Solute Concentrations in Cloud and Fog Water by Liquid Water Content'' by Elbert et al.},
	author = {Kasper-Giebl , Anne}
}

@article { Hajek200269,
	abstract = {
The European Council directive 96/29/Euratom requires dosimetric precautions if the effective dose exceeds 1 mSv/a. On an average, this value is exceeded by aircrew members. Roughly half of the radiation exposure at flight altitudes is caused by cosmic ray-induced neutrons. Active (6LiI(Eu)-scintillator) and passive (TLDs) Bonner sphere spectrometers were used to determine the neutron energy spectra atop Mt. Sonnblick (3105 m) and Mt. Kitzsteinhorn (3029 m). Further measurements in a mixed radiation field at CERN as well as in a proton beam of 62 MeV at Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, confirmed that not only neutrons but also charged particles contribute to the readings of active detectors, whereas TLD-600 and TLD-700 in pair allow the determination of the thermal neutron flux. Unfolding of the detector data obtained atop both mountains shows two relative maxima around 1 MeV and 85 MeV, which have to be considered for the assessment of the biologically relevant dose equivalent. By convoluting the spectra with appropriate conversion functions the neutron dose equivalent rate was determined to be 150±15 nSv/h. The total dose equivalent rate determined by the HTR-method was 210±15 nSv/h. The results are in good agreement with LET-spectrometer and Sievert counter measurements carried out simultaneously.},
	keywords = {Neutron spectrometry},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TJM-44PVR6X-D/2/eac5864f17490a9dde1ac8f3be54c198},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01394-8},
	issn = {0168-9002},
	note = {},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {69 - 73},
	number = {1-2},
	volume = {476},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
	title = {Analysis of the neutron component at high altitude mountains using active and passive measurement devices},
	author = {Hajek , M. and Berger , T. and Schöner , W. and Vana , N.}
}

@article { Karl20015287,
	abstract = {
An extensive dataset of VOC measurements was collected at the Sonnblick Observatory, Austria (3106 m) in Fall/Winter 1999/2000, showing high mixing ratios of anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs at this high altitude site due to upward mixing of air masses (Geophys. Res. Lett. 2F (2001) 507). Here we give an interpretation of proton-transfer-reaction (PTR-MS) mass scans obtained in November 1999 based on fragmentation data, GC-PTR-MS analysis and the variability-lifetime relationship, described by the power law, [sigma](ln(x))=A[tau]-b. The variability-lifetime plot of anthropogenic VOCs gave a proportionality factor A of 1.40 and a,b exponent (sink term) of 0.44 and allowed an estimate of average HO-densities on the order of (1.5±0.4)×105 molecules cm-3. Additionally we were able to indirectly determine a diurnal HO-profile with peak values of (1.3±0.5)×106 molecules cm-3 around midday. HO-reaction rate coefficients for higher aldehydes (heptanal to nonanal) were estimated due to photochemical losses during a stagnant air episode (27 November) and from the variability-lifetime relationship. Combining long term PTR-MS analysis of VOCs and the variability-lifetime method provides a valuable tool for assessing the dominant cause of the variability in VOC concentrations. This information is essential in understanding the sources and photochemical processing of VOCs detected in ambient air at field measurement sites.},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-4411F8T-6/2/3792bb74d6f6ec9bc7a2c6f9506ec94e},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00341-7},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {5287 - 5300},
	number = {31},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Variability-lifetime relationship of VOCs observed at the Sonnblick Observatory 1999--estimation of HO-densities},
	author = {Karl , Thomas and Crutzen , Paul J. and Mandl , Michael and Staudinger , Michael and Guenther , Alex and Jordan , Alfons and Fall , Ray and Lindinger , Werner}
}

@article { Hitzenberger20015135,
	abstract = {
During April 1999 and March 2000, intensive field campaigns were performed on a mid-level mountain (Rax, 1644 m a.s.l.) in Central Europe both under out-of-cloud and in-cloud conditions. The black carbon (BC) content of both aerosol and cloud water as well as BC scavenging efficiencies of Rax clouds were measured. As a tracer for the non-carbonaceous aerosol, sulfate was used. Although BC concentrations on Rax were low (April 1999 out-of-cloud average: 0.43 [mu]g/m3, March 2000: 0.72 [mu]g/m3), the BC mass fraction of the aerosol was fairly high (1999: 3.5%, 2000: 6.4%). Average BC concentrations in cloud water were 1.09 [mu]g/ml (1999) and 1.4 [mu]g/ml (2000). These values are far higher than literature values, but comparable to those found in an earlier study (J. Geophys. Res. 105 (D20) (2000) 24637) at a high-level mountain (Sonnblick, 3106 m a.s.l.) some 200 km distant from Rax. The average BC scavenging efficiency of the Rax clouds in March 2000 was 0.54. The increase of scavenging efficiency with increasing liquid water content of the clouds found earlier on Sonnblick for sulfate and aerosol carbon (J. Atmos. Chem 35 (2000) 33), organic carbon (J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 19857), and BC (J. Geophys. Res. 105 (D20) (2000) 24637) was also confirmed on Rax.},
	keywords = {In-cloud black carbon (BC)},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-43YY8FV-G/2/161e079f8462cc5a7b98021309db3508},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00312-0},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {5135 - 5141},
	number = {30},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Black carbon (BC) in alpine aerosols and cloud water--concentrations and scavenging efficiencies},
	author = {Hitzenberger , R. and Berner , A. and Giebl , H. and Drobesch , K. and Kasper-Giebl , A. and Loeflund , M. and Urban , H. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@ { ,
	keywords = {scavenging efficiency, lwc, total carbon, sulfate},
	year = {2000},
	volume = {35},
	title = {Scavenging Efficiency of ‘Aerosol Carbon’ and Sulfate in Supercooled Clouds at Mt. Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l., Austria)},
	pages = {33-46},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry},
	abstract = {Cloud water and interstitial aerosol samples collected at Mt. Sonnblick (SBO) were analyzed for sulfate and lsquoaerosol carbonrsquo to calculate in-cloud scavenging efficiencies. Scavenging efficiencies for sulfate (epsiSO) ranged from 0.52 to 0.99 with an average of 0.80. lsquoAerosol carbonrsquo was scavenged less efficiently with an average value (epsiAC) of 0.45 and minimum and maximum values of 0.14 and 0.81, respectively. Both epsiSO and epsiAC showed a marked, but slightly different, dependence on the liquid water content (LWC) of the cloud. At low LWC, epsiSO increased with rising LWC until it reached a relatively constant value of 0.83 above an LWC of ap 0.3 g/m3. In the case of lsquoaerosol carbonrsquo, we obtained a more gradual increase of epsiAC up to an LWC of ap 0.5 g/m3. At higher LWCs, epsi_ remained relatively constant at 0.60. As the differences between epsiSO and epsiA varied across the LWC range observed at SBO, we assume that part of the lsquoaerosol carbonrsquo was incorporated into the cloud droplets independently from sulfate. This hypothesis is supported by size classified aerosol measurements. The differences in the size distributions of sulfate and total carbon point to a partially external mixture. Thus, the different chemical nature and the differences in the size and mixing state of the aerosol particles are the most likely candidates for the differences in the scavenging behavior.},
	author = {, A. Kasper-Giebl and , A. Koch and , R. Hitzenberger and , H. Puxbaum}
}

@article { Rom2000780,
	abstract = {
This paper presents a 2-year record (from September 1996 to July 1998) of atmospheric 14CO measurements on whole air samples taken at the Mt. Sonnblick observatory (3106 m), a remote high-altitude site in Central Europe. An overall measurement precision of ca. 1/4 molecule 14CO per cm3 air has been achieved. A few events including unexpectedly low CO and 14CO values in winter 1996/97 will be discussed in some detail incorporating stable isotope information. Since the amount of 14CO data available for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is rather sparse, this most detailed long-term 14CO record for NH temperate latitudes may be a valuable contribution to the assessment of global atmospheric OH concentrations.},
	keywords = {Carbon monoxide},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TJN-3YTT021-5V/2/608d4566766a1996ac661716d5bd9853},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0168-583X(99)00707-7},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	note = {},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {780 - 785},
	number = {},
	volume = {161-163},
	journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	title = {A detailed 2-year record of atmospheric 14CO in the temperate northern hemisphere},
	author = {Rom , Werner and Brenninkmeijer , Carl A. M. and Bräunlich , Maya and Golser , Robin and Mandl , Michael and Kaiser , August and Kutschera , Walter and Priller , Alfred and Puchegger , Stephan and Röckmann , Thomas and Steier , Peter}
}

@article { Hitzenberger2000,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900349},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	abstract = {During a recent measurement project, several intensive campaigns were performed on Mount Sonnblick (3106 m above sea level) in the Austrian central range of the Alps. Cloud water and interstitial aerosol samples were obtained from supercooled clouds by using a specially designed cloud water sampler [Kruisz et al., 1993]. The samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC) by an optical technique (integrating sphere [Hitzenberger et al. 1996]) using liquid samples, for major inorganic ions by ion chromatography and for total carbon (TC) by a combusion method. During the fall campaign of 1996, cloud water BC concentrations ranged from 0.45 to 3.64 {\OE}g/mL (average concentration 0.85 {\OE}g/mL). During the spring 1997 campaign, cloud water BC concentrations ranged from 0.55 to 2.95 {\OE}g/mL (average concentration 1.07 {\OE}g/mL). The dominant ion in cloud water was SO4            2 with concentrations from 0.36 to 86.5 {\OE}g/mL (average 6.83 {\OE}g/mL) in fall 1996 and 0.3115.4 {\OE}g/mL (average 3.06 {\OE}g/mL) in spring 1997. In the individual samples, the BC/SO4            2 ratio ranged from 0.036 to 1.2 (average 0.316) in fall 1996 and 0.036 to 2.04 (average 0.79) in spring 1997. The extreme values were usually confined to short periods within one cloud event. Scavenging efficiencies {\textmu} were calculated by using cloud water and interstitial aerosol concentrations from samples obtained simultaneously with the cloud water sampler for the 1997 campaign. For BC, {\textmu}BC = 0.74 ({\textpm} 0.19) was found, while the values for SO4            2 and TC were {\textmu}SO4 = 0.91 ({\textpm} 0.08) and {\textmu}TC = 0.57 ({\textpm} 0.21), respectively. The findings of an earlier study [Kasper-Giebl et al., 2000], where {\textmu}SO4 depended on the liquid water content, were confirmed here for all the three substances.},
	pages = {24637--24645},
	number = {D20},
	volume = {105},
	publisher = {AGU},
	year = {2000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	title = {Black carbon and other species at a high-elevation European site (Mount Sonnblick, 3106 m, Austria): Concentrations and scavenging efficiencies},
	author = {Hitzenberger , R. and Berner , A. and Kromp , R. and Kasper-Giebl , A. and Limbeck , A. and Tscherwenka , W. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@article { Kasper-Giebl2000,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006250508562},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1006250508562},
	abstract = {Cloud water and interstitial aerosol samples collected at Mt. Sonnblick (SBO) were analyzed for sulfate and {\^a}??aerosol carbon{\^a}?? to calculate in-cloud scavenging efficiencies. Scavenging efficiencies for sulfate (eSO) ranged from 0.52 to 0.99 with an average of 0.80. {\^a}??Aerosol carbon{\^a}?? was scavenged less efficiently with an average value (eAC) of 0.45 and minimum and maximum values of 0.14 and 0.81, respectively. Both eSO and eAC showed a marked, but slightly different, dependence on the liquid water content (LWC) of the cloud. At low LWC, eSO increased with rising LWC until it reached a relatively constant value of 0.83 above an LWC of {\"E}? 0.3 g/m3. In the case of {\^a}??aerosol carbon{\^a}??, we obtained a more gradual increase of eAC up to an LWC of {\"E}? 0.5 g/m3. At higher LWCs, e\_ remained relatively constant at 0.60. As the differences between eSO and eA varied across the LWC range observed at SBO, we assume that part of the {\^a}??aerosol carbon{\^a}?? was incorporated into the cloud droplets independently from sulfate. This hypothesis is supported by size classified aerosol measurements. The differences in the size distributions of sulfate and total carbon point to a partially external mixture. Thus, the different chemical nature and the differences in the size and mixing state of the aerosol particles are the most likely candidates for the differences in the scavenging behavior.},
	pages = {33--46},
	number = {1},
	volume = {35},
	day = {01},
	month = {Jan},
	year = {2000},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry},
	title = {Scavenging Efficiency of {\^a}??Aerosol Carbon{\^a}?? and Sulfate in Supercooled Clouds at Mt. Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l., Austria)},
	author = {Kasper-Giebl , A. and Koch , A. and Hitzenberger , R. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@article { Hitzenberger19992647,
	abstract = {
During four intensive measurement campaigns (two on Mt. Sonnblick, European background aerosol, and two in Vienna, urban aerosol), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were measured at supersaturations of 0.5%. Impactor measurements of the mass size distribution in the size range 0.1-10 [mu]m were performed and later analyzed for Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4, Na+, NH+4, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ by ion chromatography, for total carbon (TC) using a combustion method, and for black carbon (BC) by an optical method (integrating sphere). Organic carbon (OC) was defined as the difference between TC (minus carbonate carbon) and BC. At all sites, the mass fraction of BC in the submicron aerosol was comparable (4-5%). CCN concentrations on Mt. Sonnblick were found to be 10-30% of those measured in Vienna, although high Mt. Sonnblick concentrations were comparable to low Vienna concentrations (around 800 cm-3). The contribution of organic material was estimated from the mass concentrations of the chemical species sampled on the impactor stage with the lowest cut point (0.1-0.215 [mu]m aerodynamic equivalent diameter). On Mt. Sonnblick, TC material contributed 11% to the total mass in fall 1995, and 67% in summer 1996, while the OC fraction was 6 and 61%. The combined electrolytes and mineral material contributed 18 and 16% in fall and summer. During the Vienna spring campaign, the contributions of OC and electrolytes to the total mass concentration in this size range were 48 and 36%, respectively.},
	keywords = {Cloud condensation nuclei},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-3WJFK3F-K/2/f3b328492ee8a47a83b67fda35052425},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00391-4},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2647 - 2659},
	number = {17},
	volume = {33},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Contribution of carbonaceous material to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations in European background (Mt. Sonnblick) and urban (Vienna) aerosols},
	author = {Hitzenberger , R. and Berner , A. and Giebl , H. and Kromp , R. and Larson , S. M. and Rouc , A. and Koch , A. and Marischka , S. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@article { KasperGiebl1999895,
	abstract = {
For a time period of two years scavenging ratios were calculated for the high alpine site Mt. Sonnblick. Annual average values are 2.6×106, 1.4×106 and 1.8×106 for total nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, respectively, when the scavenging ratios are calculated based on overall monthly averages. Two other calculation methods (based on [`]paired' monthly averages and on single days) are discussed in the paper. Higher scavenging ratios are observed for the beginning of the cold season (October-January) than for the summer months (June-September) the respective ratios being in the range of 3 to 5. Precipitation sulfate was found to be formed predominately by particulate sulfate (89-96%) while reactive gas-phase scavenging of sulfur dioxide is only of minor importance (4-11%). Precipitation nitrate on the other hand is predominantly formed by gas-phase scavenging of nitric acid (88-96%) and particulate nitrate contributes to a lesser extent (4-12%). The first estimate for ammonium in precipitation indicates that particulate ammonium accounts for 49-79%, while ammonia forms the remaining 51-21%. An equation was derived to interrelate the scavenging ratio of sulfate to the scavenging efficiency of particulate sulfate into cloud droplets. The comparison showed very satisfactory agreement in respect to the absolute values as well as to the annual variations.},
	keywords = {Scavenging ratio},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-3W5S383-P/2/5dd60811288d9c98cf24423fa3f350f2},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00279-9},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {895 - 906},
	number = {6},
	volume = {33},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Scavenging ratios for sulfate, ammonium and nitrate determined at Mt. Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l.)},
	author = {Kasper-Giebl , Anne and Kalina , Michael F. and Puxbaum , Hans}
}

@article { ,
	eprint = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0450%281999%29038%3C1599%3AAIOSUI%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281999%29038%3C1599%3AAIOSUI%3E2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1599:AIOSUI>2.0.CO;2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1599-1610},
	number = {11},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
	title = {Albedo Influences on Surface UV Irradiance at the Sonnblick High-Mountain Observatory (3106-m Altitude)},
	author = {Weihs , Philipp and Simic , Stana and Laube , Wolfgang and Mikielewicz , Wieslaw and Rengarajan , Govindaraj and Mandl , Michael}
}

@article { Kasper19983925,
	abstract = {
A two-year record of filter pack measurements illustrates the chemical climatology of nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, ammonia and major aerosol components (particulate nitrate, sulfate and ammonium) at a high alpine site (Mt. Sonnblick, 3106 m a.s.l.). Annual averages (standard deviations are given in parenthesis) were 4(6) nmol m-3 for nitric acid, 8(11) nmol m-3 for ammonia, 6(14) nmol m-3 for sulfur dioxide, 4(9) nmol m-3 for particulate nitrate, 15(19) nmol m-3 for particulate sulfate and 23(35) nmol m-3 for particulate ammonium. Marked seasonal cycles with low concentrations during winter and comparable higher concentrations during summer were observed for all components but sulfur dioxide. The variations are more pronounced for aerosol components than for gases. Based on monthly averages summer to winter concentration ratios were 13, 7 and 10 for aerosol nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, and 3 and 5 for nitric acid and ammonia, respectively. For sulfur dioxide a spring maximum was observed, while little seasonal variation occurred in respect to average summer and winter values. In spring, sulfur dioxide was three times higher, on average, than during the rest of the year. Particulate ammonium and particulate sulfate are the predominant forms compared to gaseous ammonia and sulfur dioxide. Particulate sulfate amounted to 64% of total sulfur, particulate ammonium amounted to 66% of total reduced nitrogen. Nitric acid was more abundant than aerosol nitrate and amounted to 61% of both compounds. In respect to ammonium and sulfate aerosol samples are slightly acidic during most of the year. Lowest neutralization ratios were mainly associated with low concentration values. Concentration ranges and meteorological data suggest that the high alpine site lies within the free troposphere during winter, whereas the influence of boundary layer air becomes more important during summer and a modified mixing layer is formed.},
	keywords = {Seasonal variations},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-3VF1KK3-2/2/d0ccf58791ae3fc2e7c1339d77ccd2a3},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00031-9},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {3925 - 3939},
	number = {23},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Seasonal variation of SO2, HNO3, NH3 and selected aerosol components at Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l.)},
	author = {Kasper , Anne and Puxbaum , Hans}
}

@article { Puxbaum19984011,
	abstract = {
Snow fall and rime samples have been collected at the Sonnblick Observatory (SBO, 3106 m) during a four year time period and have been analyzed for major ions (Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4, H+, NH+4, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) as well as for S(IV) and H2O2. We applied the Brantner et al. (1994) snow/cloud mass balance model for estimating the relative mass of rime droplets attached on ice crystals. From this estimate the mass of rime droplets attached on snow crystals is on the yearly average approximately 20%. There is little seasonal variation except for fall with a slight increase of the rimed mass. There is indication for considerable gas phase scavenging of SO2, HNO3 and H2O2 directly on respectively during growth of the ice crystals. [`]Crustal' and "sea salt" elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl) appear to become scavenged predominantly via ice nucleation. Our tentative estimates indicate that as a lower limit NO-3 in snow fall is derived to more than 35% from direct gas phase scavenging onto ice crystals and crustal elements in snow are derived more than 60% from ice nucleation scavenging.},
	keywords = {Snow},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-3VF1KK3-9/2/c5eaeaa8112060dd8045654544eb4c6b},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00244-1},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {4011 - 4020},
	number = {23},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Relationships of major ions in snow fall and rime at sonnblick observatory (SBO, 3106 m) and implications for scavenging processes in mixed clouds},
	author = {Puxbaum , Hans and Tscherwenka , Werner}
}

@article { Tscherwenka19983941,
	abstract = {
Continuous sulfur dioxide (SO2) measurements were performed at the Sonnblick Observatory (SBO), Austria (3106 m a.s.l.) for several weeks during summer, autumn and spring 1995/96. The average SO2 concentration was 0.30 [mu]g m-3 standard temperature and pressure (STP; 273 K, 1013 hPa) (105 pptv), the median 0.10 [mu]g m-3 STP (35 pptv). For 80% of the time sulfur dioxide concentrations were at "clean levels" (<0.30 [mu]g m-3) interrupted by "episodes" lasting up to two days. During the episodes SO2 levels rose generally above 0.5 [mu]g m-3 and reached up to 8.0 [mu]g m-3 in spring. Sulfur dioxide concentrations showed a strong seasonal variation with very low concentrations during summer and fall (means 0.11 and 0.17 [mu]g m-3) and elevated concentrations during spring (mean 0.70 [mu]g m-3). An analysis of the diurnal variation indicated that upslope winds are not responsible for the elevated SO2 levels observed during SO2 episodes; rather cloud transport appears to be the predominant process for lifting SO2 from the boundary layer to the mid troposphere. For air and cloud transport across Western European countries hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is apparently in excess and most SO2 is removed by oxidation leading to "clean conditions". For the less frequent air and cloud transport from the East and Southeast SO2 appears to be in excess leading to the "SO2 episodes" at the 3 km level. These results are substantiated by in-cloud observations of elevated levels of SO2 at SBO (Brantner et al., 1994) and trajectory statistics for the SO2 data set from SBO and analysis of the meteorological conditions during transport.},
	keywords = {Alps},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-3VF1KK3-3/2/07f39eace7a9b09b01381f1d312de3a7},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00015-6},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {3941 - 3952},
	number = {23},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {On-line measurements of sulfur dioxide at the 3 km level over central Europe (Sonnblick observatory, Austria) and statistical trajectory source analysis},
	author = {Tscherwenka , W. and Seibert , P. and Kasper , A. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@article { Kasper19983967,
	abstract = {
During three field campaigns at Mt. Sonnblick (3106 m, Salzburg, Austria), in winter 1991, summer 1992 and summer 1993, a comprehensive study of cloud water chemistry, snow chemistry and interstitial gas and aerosol constituents was performed. In this work we report on the in-cloud scavenging efficiency of lead ([var epsilon]Pb) and sulfate ([var epsilon]SO4). Due to its similar size distribution to sulfate, we used lead as an inert aerosol tracer for the calculation of the scavenging efficiency of particulate sulfate ([var epsilon]*SO4). At the experimental site (Sonnblick Observatory, 3106 m, Salzburg, Austria) clouds appear frequently in the mixed state with suspended supercooled liquid droplets and precipitating ice crystals. Here we examine the transfer of lead, sulfate and sulfur dioxide from the interstitial phase to the supercooled cloud droplets. The aerosol scavenging efficiency for lead ([var epsilon]Pb) ranges from 0.1 to 0.97 and is a function of the liquid water content (LWC) of the supercooled droplet phase of the cloud. At low LWCs, [var epsilon]Pb increases from 0.1 to 0.6. Above LWCs of 0.3 g m-3, [var epsilon]Pb remains relatively constant at about 0.85. Calculating the scavenging efficiency for sulfate ([var epsilon]SO4) a similar dependency could be obtained. The scavenging efficiency ranges from 0.17 to 0.96. Up to a LWC of 0.3 g m-3 an increase of [var epsilon]SO4 was observed. At higher LWCs it remains relatively constant at about 0.8. Aerosol scavenging of sulfate was found to be the predominant source for cloud water sulfate. Only during eight out of 33 sampling intervals a significant contribution (7-85%) of gas phase scavenging of sulfur dioxide could be determined. LWCs in November were very low, ranging from 0.01-0.1 g m-3 with an average of 0.047 g m-3. LWCs in June ranged from 0.05 to 0.63 g m-3 with an average of 0.35 g m-3. In May and June 1993 LWCs ranged from 0.08 to 0.782 g m-3 with an average of 0.28 g m-3.},
	keywords = {Scavenging},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-3VF1KK3-5/2/bf01dabc34145d0be2474a0efc29ddfe},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00148-4},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	note = {},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {3967 - 3974},
	number = {23},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	title = {Scavenging efficiency of lead and sulfate in supercooled clouds at Sonnblick, 3106 m a.s.l., Austria},
	author = {Kasper , A. and Puxbaum , H. and Brantner , B. and Paleczek , S.}
}

@article { Gröllert1997,
	title = {Organic Compounds in High Alpine Snow},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},
	volume = {67},
	number = {1},
	pages = {213--222},
	abstract = {Snow samples were taken in June 1995 at the Sonnblick Observatory located at the top of Mt. Sonn-blick (3106 m a.s.l.) in the main ridge of the Austrian Alps, as part of the project “Organic Aerosol Scavenging”. The main interest focused on the determination of aliphatic compounds and phenols. First the method for the extraction of the organic compounds was developed using standard samples prepared in the lab. The preconcentration of the samples was performed by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane and hexane/diethylether respectively. To characterize the analytical procedure, the efficiency of the extraction procedure, the reproducibility of the overall method and the detection limits were determined. Values for the recovery of the extraction method range from 57% (fatty acids) to 95% (aliphatic alcohols). Reproducibility was found to be between 3-5%, except for the fatty acids which gave a value of 16%. Detection limits were calculated for the various substances and are between 5&#956;g/l (phenols) and 30&#956;g/l (fatty acids). The analysis of the eight snow samples were performed using a GC-MS-FID system. The following compounds were identified as major compounds in the snow samples: 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 2-isobutyl-4-methoxy-phenol, diisobutylphenol and dibutylphthalate. The aliphatic alcohols are of biogenic origin and are present in a concentration range from 30 to 115 &#956;g/l melted snow. The phenols show concentrations between 5 and 30 &#956;g/l and the phthalates range up to 40 &#956;g/l.},
	issn = {0306-7319},
	url = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/03067319708031405},
	author = {Gröllert , C. and Kasper , A. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@article { WEBER1997,
	title = {20th-CENTURY CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE IN THE MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF CENTRAL EUROPE},
	journal = {Climatic Change},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jul},
	day = {01},
	volume = {36},
	number = {3},
	pages = {327--344},
	abstract = {Daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 29 low-lying and mountain stations of 7 countries in Central Europe were analyzed. The analysis of the annual variation of diurnal temperature range helps to distinguish unique climatic characteristics of high and low altitude stations. A comparison of the time series of extreme daily temperatures as well as mean temperature shows a good agreement between the low-lying stations and the mountain stations. Many of the pronounced warm and cold periods are present in all time series and are therefore representative for the whole region. A linear trend analysis of the station data for the period 1901\\^a??1990 (19 stations) and 1951\\^a??1990 (all 29 stations) shows spatial patterns of similar changes in maximum and minimum daily temperatures and diurnal temperature range. Mountain stations show only small changes of the diurnal temperature range over the 1901\\^a??1990 period, whereas the low-lying stations in the western part of the Alps show a significant decrease of diurnal temperature range, caused by strong increase of the minimum temperature. For the shorter period 1951\\^a??1990, the diurnal temperature range decreases at the western low-lying stations, mainly in spring, whereas it remains roughly constant at the mountain stations. The decrease of diurnal temperature range is stronger in the western part than in the eastern part of the Alps.},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1005378702066},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005378702066},
	author = {Weber , Rudolf O. and Talkner , Peter and Auer , Ingeborg and Böhm , Reinhard and Gajic , Marjanka and Zaninovic , Ksenija and Brazdil , Rudolf and Fasko , Pavel}
}

@article { Grasserbauer1994,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321786},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00321786},
	abstract = {Background measurements at the high alpine station of the Sonnblick (altitude 3106 m) are reported. For a period of 13 months samples have been collected during 4 campaigns of 1{\^a}??2 weeks duration each and analysed for their ionic and elemental composition, pH and conductivity. These samples were aerosols collected with filters, cloud water and precipitation. The samples were mainly analysed with ion chromatography (IC) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Analysis proved to be difficult due to the low amounts of aerosols collected and the low concentrations of components in cloud water and wet precipitation. Also major problems arose in sampling due to the extreme climatic conditions. The analytical techniques, particularly those for sampling the materials, are critically evaluated and results on pollutant levels, their variation with time and the distribution of the components between the gaseous and liquid phases are presented.},
	pages = {431--439},
	number = {7},
	volume = {350},
	day = {01},
	month = {Jul},
	year = {1994},
	journal = {Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
	title = {Inorganic constituents in aerosols, cloud water and precipitation collected at the high alpine measurement station Sonnblick: Sampling, analysis and exemplary results},
	author = {Grasserbauer , M. and Paleczek , S. and Rendl , J. and Kasper , A. and Puxbaum , H.}
}

@article { Kasper1994297,
	abstract = {
In the time period from November 1991 to November 1992 measurements of SO2, HNO3, NH3 and particulate SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4 were conducted at the Sonnblick Observatory in the Austrian Alps. To allow continuous daily measurements a filter pack was used. The precision of the method was checked in respect to the harsh meteorological conditions at the high alpine site and showed acceptable coefficients of variance (< 20%) for particulate matter and nitric acid and slightly higher variations for the gases ammonia (25%) and sulphur dioxide (30%). The annual variations showed large seasonal differences for the aerosol components and for the gases nitric acid and ammonia. Maximum summer/winter ratios were 8, 11 and 17 for the aerosol species NO-3, SO2-4 and NH+4 respectively and 5 for HNO3 and NH3. No marked summer/winter differences could be determined for sulphur dioxide. During winter the absolute concentrations at Mt. Sonnblick were comparable with results reported for measurements of free tropospheric air. In summer a wide scatter of concentrations was determined ranging up to values typically for the planetary boundary layer in remote regions.},
	keywords = {Ammonia},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TF4-44HT0Y4-51/2/e2523cc9acc2b330a23585a4dd4b3e1c},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)80025-1},
	issn = {0003-2670},
	note = {},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {297 - 304},
	number = {3},
	volume = {291},
	journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
	title = {Determination of SO2, HNO3, NH3 and aerosol components at a high alpine background site with a filter pack method},
	author = {Kasper , Anne and Puxbaum , Hans}
}

@article { Brantner1994,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00479800},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00479800},
	abstract = {Cloudwater and wet precipitation (snow) samples were collected at Mount Sonnblick during two field campaigns in May and November 1991. A newly designed active cloud water samples was used. Concentrations of major anions, cations and carboxylic acids were determined.},
	pages = {363--384},
	number = {3},
	volume = {74},
	day = {01},
	month = {Apr},
	year = {1994},
	journal = {Water, Air, \& Soil Pollution},
	title = {Cloudwater chemistry in the subcooled droplet regime at Mount Sonnblick (3106 M A.S.L., Salzburg, Austria)},
	author = {Brantner , Bernhard and Fierlinger , Helga and Puxbaum , Hans and Berner , Axel}
}

@article { Neuwirth1983,
	title = {Die Parameterisierung des prozentualen Verhältnisses zwischen Himmelsstrahlung und Globalstrahlung durch die Bewölkungsmenge },
	journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Sep},
	day = {10},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	pages = {243--250},
	abstract = {Ausgehend von den mittleren Monats- und Jahressummen der Global- und Himmelsstrahlung von Wien (Seehöhe 202 m), Salzburg (434 m), Innsbruck (577 m) und Sonnblick (3106 m) wird das prozentuelle monatliche und jahreszeitliche Verhältnis von Himmelsstrahlung zu Globalstrahlung mit gutem Erfolg durch die Monats- bzw. Jahreszeitenmittel der Bewölkung in Abhängigkeit von der Seehöhe parameterisiert, so daß letztlich zur Ermittlung dieses prozentuellen Verhältnisses nur die Kenntnis des Bewölkungsmittels und der Seehöhe des Ortes benötigt wird. Bei Kenntnis der Globalstrahlung kann dann die Himmelsstrahlung für beliebige Orte in Österreich abgeschätzt werden.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02275098},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275098},
	author = {Neuwirth , F.}
}

@article { Neuwirth1982,
	title = {Beziehungen zwischen den kurzwelligen Strahlungskomponenten auf die horizontale Fläche und der Bewölkung an ausgewählten Stationen in Österreich},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	day = {01},
	volume = {30},
	number = {1},
	pages = {29--43},
	abstract = {Ausgehend von den Tagessummen der GlobalstrahlungG auf die horizontale Fläche und den Tagesmitteln der BewölkungsmengeB werden nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate für die vier Stationen Wien, Salzburg, Klagenfurt und Sonnblick die linearen und quadratischen Regressionen zwischenG/G  0 undB bestimmt (G  0 = extraterrestrische Strahlung). An den Stationen Wien, Salzburg und Sonnblick wurden die Regressionen auch zwischen den Tageswerten vonH/G undB (H = Himmelsstrahlung) bzw. zwischen den Tageswerten vonD/G undB (D = direkte Sonnenstrahlung) ermittelt. Es zeigt sich in der Verifikation, daß die Tagessummen der Global-, Himmels- und direkten Sonnenstrahlung auf die Horizontale in befriedigender Weise aus der Bewölkung abgeschätzt werden können. Interessante Einblicke in die Strahlungsklimatologie Österreichs geben statistische Analysen der Verhältnisse zwischen den TageswertenG/G  0,H/G undD/G. },
	doi = {10.1007/BF02323392},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323392},
	author = {Neuwirth , F.}
}

@article { Neuwirth1981,
	title = {Die Abhängigkeit der relativen Globalstrahlung von Zeit und Ort in Österreich },
	journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Sep},
	day = {25},
	volume = {29},
	number = {3},
	pages = {253--268},
	abstract = {Die witterungsbedingten Änderungen der Globalstrahlung werden anhand der relativen Globalstrahlung (Globalstrahlung/extraterrestrische Strahlung) für die Stationen des österreichischen Strahlungsmeßnetzes auf ihre zeitliche und räumliche Abhängigkeit untersucht. Während in den Niederungen (< 1000 m Seehöhe) die höchsten Werte der relativen Globalstrahlung im Sommer erreicht werden, sind hingegen in den Gebirgsregionen in diesem Zeitraum die relativ geringsten Werte des Jahres vorhanden. Die Andauer von bestimmten Schwellwerten der relativen Globalstrahlung sowie die ungefilterten und gefilterten Autokorrelationsfunktionen werden mitgeteilt.
Untersucht man die räumlichen Abhängigkeiten, so zeigt sich, daß in der Gebirgsregion ein relativ dichtes Strahlungsmeßnetz erforderlich ist, während in den Niederungen Entfernungen von 50 bis 100 km zulässig erscheinen. Kontingenztabellen und Kreuzkorrelationsfunktionen geben zusätzlich Einblick in die Abhängigkeit der relativen Globalstrahlung vom Ort in Österreich.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02263247},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263247},
	author = {Neuwirth , F.}
}

@article { Neuwirth1980,
	title = {Die Approximation des Jahresganges der kurzwelligen Strahlungskomponenten in Österreich durch Fourier-Reihen},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Sep},
	day = {16},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	pages = {317--329},
	abstract = {Ausgehend von den publizierten Daten von neun Meßstationen des Strahlungsnetzes der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie werden die Tagessummen der extraterrestrischen Strahlung und der Global-, Himmelsstrahlung und direkten Sonnenstrahlung sowie deren maximale, mittlere und minimale Tagessummen durch Fourier-Reihen der FormA o +A 1cos (2 pgrt/T)+B 1 sin (2 pgrt/T) approximiert, wobeiA o ,A 1 undB 1 die Fourierkoeffizienten,T die Periode (365 Tage) undt die Nummer des Tages, gezählt vom 1. Januar an, darstellen. Bei geringen Genauigkeitsverlusten kann das Glied mitB 1 vernachlässigt werden. Es zeigt sich, daß die Approximation mit sehr gutem Erfolg vor allem auf die extraterrestrische Strahlung sowie die maximalen und mittleren Verläufe der Strahlungskomponenten anwendbar ist. Für das Gebiet von Österreich können die Fourierkoeffizienten zur Berechnung der Tagessummen der extraterrestrischen Strahlung mittels linearer Beziehungen aus der geographischen Breite des Standortes ermittelt werden. An Hand einiger Beispiele wird die Verwendbarkeit der approximierten Werte der Strahlungskomponenten für eine strahlungsklimatische Interpretation dargestellt.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02245361},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245361},
	author = {Neuwirth , F.}
}

@article { Neuwirth1979,
	title = {Beziehungen zwischen Globalstrahlung, Himmelsstrahlung und extraterrestrischer Strahlung in Österreich },
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1979},
	month = {Mar},
	day = {16},
	volume = {27},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1--13},
	abstract = {Ausgehend von den publizierten Meßwerten der Global- und Himmelsstrahlung von Wien-Hohe Warte (Seehöhe 202 m), Salzburg (446 m) und Sonnblick (3106 m) werden die Liu-Yordan-Beziehungen [3] für diese drei Stationen für Monatssummen und Stundensummen bestimmt. Durch die so ermittelten Beziehungen kann die Himmelsstrahlung für Wien und Salzburg mit hoher Genauigkeit aus den Werten der Globalstrahlung berechnet werden. Für den Gipfel des Sonnblicks weichen die berechneten Werte mit großer Streuung von den gemessenen ab.
Die durch die Verwendung von nicht am Standort abgeleiteten Beziehungen auftretenden Fehler werden dargestellt.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02245905},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245905},
	author = {Neuwirth , F.}
}

@article { Cehak1977,
	title = {Über die statistische Sicherung der jüngsten Schwankungen des Klimas in Österreich },
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1977},
	month = {Sep},
	day = {16},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3},
	pages = {209--219},
	abstract = {Ausgehend von Beobachtungen, welche schon von F. Steinhauser [1] für einen Überblick über die jüngsten Klimaänderungen in Österreich verwendet worden waren, wird Mann\'s Trendtest auf die Reihen der Jahreswerte und von jahreszeitlichen Werten der Mitteltemperatur, der Niederschlagssummen und der Zahl der Tage mit Schneedecke angewandt. Es zeigen sich einige signifikante Anstiege in der Jahres- und Wintertemperatur seit den sechziger Jahren, während die Sommertemperaturen meist mehr oder weniger signifikant zurückgingen. Die jährlichen Niederschlagssummen sanken in den meisten Stationen, aber nur in einigen von ihnen signifikant. Während der Jahreszeiten ist das Bild nicht einheitlich. Die Zahl der Tage mit Schneedecke zeigte meist einen Rückgang, der ebenfalls nur teilweise signifikant war, ähnlich wie bei den Niederschlägen.
Ferner werden die höheren Momente der statistischen Verteilungen der Elemente angegeben. Eine Spektrumanalyse zeigt die Existenz von Periodizitäten mit Periodenlängen zwischen 2 und 3 Jahren, bzw. von 8 Jahren bei einigen der Reihen.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02243053},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243053},
	author = {Cehak , K.}
}

@article { Grunow1969,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243166},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02243166},
	abstract = {Die me{\~A}?technische Erfassung des Nebelniederschlages geht auf wolkenphysikalische Studien zur{\~A}{\OE}ck, die auf Bergobservatorien, speziell auf dem Rauriser Sonnblick, 3106 m, durchgef{\~A}{\OE}hrt wurden. F{\~A}{\OE}r vergleichbare Messungen des atmosph{\~A}{\texteuro}rischen Angebotes an ausf{\~A}{\texteuro}llbarem Niederschlag hat sich als einfaches Routineger{\~A}{\texteuro}t der Hohenpei{\~A}?enberger Nebelf{\~A}{\texteuro}nger bew{\~A}{\texteuro}hrt, dessen Wirkungsweise und Effekt kritisch dargestellt wird. Mit diesem Ger{\~A}{\texteuro}t wurden auch auf dem Sonnblick Messungen vom November 1959 bis Mai 1965 durchgef{\~A}{\OE}hrt.},
	pages = {201--228},
	number = {2},
	volume = {17},
	day = {16},
	month = {Jun},
	year = {1969},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	title = {Nebelniederschlag im Hochgebirge},
	author = {Grunow , Johannes and Tollner , Hanns}
}

@article { Scheibbner1968,
	title = {Die Albedo der Sonnblickgletscher und ihre zeitlichen Variationen},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1968},
	month = {Aug},
	day = {16},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	pages = {174--194},
	abstract = {Im Sommer 1964 sowie vom Mai bis September 1966 wurden auf dem Sonnblick Messungen der Albedo der Gletscheroberflächen durchgeführt. Aufgabe und Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, einerseits die kurzzeitigen Änderungen der Albedo von Schnee, Firn und Eis, andererseits die jahreszeitliche Veränderlichkeit der Albedo und ihre Verteilung über die gesamte Fläche der Sonnblickgletscher zu bestimmen. Mit Hilfe der am Observatorium gemessenen Werte der Globalstrahlung konnte sodann die von den Gletscherflächen absorbierte Menge an kurzweilliger Strahlung ermittelt werden.
Die Albedo-Messungen wurden mit augenempfindlichen Photoelementen durchgeführt. Da damit nur die Erfassung des sichtbaren Bereiches der kurzwelligen Strahlung möglich ist, wurden in gesonderten Meßreihen für die verschiedenen Arten von Neuschnee, Altschnee, Firn und Eis sowohl die sichtbare Albedo (mit den Photoelementen) als auch die Gesamtalbedo (mit dem Sternpyranometer) gemessen. Auf Grund dieser Vergleichsmessungen war es möglich, aus den Werten der visuellen Albedo der Gletscheroberflächen auf die Gesamtalbedo schließen zu können.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02243270},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243270},
	author = {Scheibbner , F. and Mahringer , W.}
}

@article { Schütz1955,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243355},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02243355},
	abstract = {Ein enges Netz von mit Thermohydgrographen ausgerüsteten Beobachtungsstationen im Nordabhang der Hohen Tauern im Rauriser Tal und Gasteiner Tal ergab die Möglichkeit, im Vergleich mit den Beobachtungen auf dem Sonnblick-Obervatorium (3106 m) und auf der nordwärts vorgelagerten Schmittenhöhe (1964 m) die Entwicklung des Föhns vom Alpenkamm bis in die unteren Talböden hin statistisch zu untersuchen. Diei Statistik bezieht sich auf die Häufigkeit der Föhntage und der Föhnstunden, die Föhndauer pro Föhntag, den Jahresgang und den Tagesgang der Föhnhäufigkeit, die Zahl der Tage mit zyklonalem und antizyklonalem (freiem) Föhn, die Häufigkeiten der Föhndauer nach Stunden, die Häufigkeiten von Beginn und Ende des Föhns zu den verschiedenen Zeiten des Tages, die Abhängigkeit der Föhnfälle vom Höhenwind und die Häufigkeiten der Windrichtungen und Windstärken bei Föhn im Tal. Die Unterschiede im Föhnvorkommen in den verschiedenen Höhenlagen werden eingehend diskutiert und erklärt. Besonders unterhalb von Talstufen finden sich tagsüber auch Föhnfällen mit talaufwärts gerichteter Bodenwindströmung, die als maskierter Föhn bezeichnet werden können und offenbar durch eine durch die Talstufen und durch die Talwindentwicklung begünstigte Ausbildung einer Zirkulation um eine quer zum Tal gelegene horizontale Achse erklärt werden können.},
	pages = {207--224},
	number = {3},
	volume = {6},
	day = {16},
	month = {Mar},
	year = {1955},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	title = {Neue Föhnuntersuchungen aus dem Sonnblickgebiert },
	author = {Schütz , J. and Steinhauser , F.}
}

@article { Dirmhirn1952,
	title = {Oberflächentemperaturen der Gesteine im Hochgebirge},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1952},
	month = {May},
	day = {16},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	pages = {43--50},
	abstract = {Im Sommer 1950 und 1951 wurde auf dem Sonnblick in etwa 3050 m Seehöhe die Oberflächentemperature de Gesteine thermoelektrisch gemessen. An windstillen Tagen konnten bei wolkenlosem Himmel oder geringer Bewölkung Mittagstemperaturen bis 29°C an einer 6 cm dicken, horizontalen Platte beobachtet werden, das Minimum sank nachts auf–4°C ab. Diese starken Temperaturschwankungen wurden bei hohen Windgeschwindigkeiten erheblich abgeschwächt (bis 18°C). Ein Zusammenhang der Temperaturschwankung mit der Windgeschwindigkeit konnte angegeben werden. Auf gewachsenem Fels finden sich unter sonst gleichen Verhältnissen wesentlich geringere Tagesschwankungen. Durch die starken Temperaturvariationen der Gesteine wird die mechanische Verwitterung gefördert, die ihrerseits durch Staubbildung die Albedo der gesteinsnahen Gletscherflächen herabsetzt, den Strahlungshaushalt verändert und somit die Ablation der Gletscherränder fördert.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02248821},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02248821},
	author = {Dirmhirn , Inge}
}

@article { Sauberer1951,
	title = {Untersuchungen über die Strahlungsverhältnisse auf den Alpengletschern},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	year = {1951},
	month = {Aug},
	day = {31},
	volume = {3},
	number = {1},
	pages = {256--269},
	abstract = {Auf dem Hohen Sonnblick (3106 m) wurden im Sommer 1950 Wärmeumsatzuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Über die hierbei ausgeführten Messungen der Sonnenstrahlung, Himmelsstrahlung, Gegenstrahlung der Atmosphäre, der Albedo und der langwelligen Temperaturausstrahlung des Gletschers wird hier berichtet. Es konnte die Einwirkung der Bewölkung auf die Himmelsstrahlung studiert werden. Bestimmungen der Gegenstrahlung über Bilanzmessungen ergaben die Brauchbarkeit derÅngströmschen Formel und bestimmte Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Einflusses der Wolkendecke. Als anscheinend variabelster Faktor wird die zeitlich und örtlich oft sehr wechselnde Albedo angesehen. Einige Beispiele direkter Strahlungsbilanzmessungen, die dies beweisen, werden mitgeteilt.},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02242604},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242604},
	author = {Sauberer , F. and Dirmhirn , Inge}
}

@article { ref1,
	title = {Höhenobservatorien des Sonnblick-Vereins},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	year = {1937},
	month = {Jun},
	day = {01},
	volume = {25},
	number = {24},
	pages = {385--385},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01492124},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01492124},
	author = {,}
}

@article { Hess1930,
	title = {Ein experimentelles Argument für den stellaren Ursprung der Ultrastrahlung},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	year = {1930},
	month = {Dec},
	day = {01},
	volume = {18},
	number = {50},
	pages = {1094--1096},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01492525},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01492525},
	author = {Hess , V. F.}
}

@paper { ,
	year = {1928},
	title = {Die Sende- und Empfangsverhältnisse für drahtlose Telegraphie am Sonnblick},
	abstract = {Die Frage nach dem Einfluß der Höhenlage von Sender oder Empfänger auf die Ausbreitungsverhältnisse für Radiowellen zerfällt zunächst in die Frage nach dem Einfluß der umgebenden freien Atmosphäre und dann nach dem Einfluß der gegen die Ebene veränderten Bodenqualität.},
	author = {Fuchs , J.}
}

@article { ref1,
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01459062},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01459062},
	pages = {452--452},
	number = {22},
	volume = {16},
	day = {01},
	month = {Jun},
	year = {1928},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	title = {Die meteorologischen Observatorien auf dem Sonnblick (3106 m) bei Gastein und dem Obir (2140 m) bei Klagenfurt},
	author = {}
}

@article { ,
	year = {1901},
	title = {Die Veränderlichkeit der täglichen Barometeroscillation auf dem Hohen Sonnblick im Laufe des Jahres},
	publisher = {C. Gerold\'s Sohn},
	author = {von Obermayer , Albert}
}

@article { ,
	publisher = {K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckkerei},
	title = {Elektrische Beobachtungen auf dem Hohen Sonnblick},
	year = {1891},
	author = {Elster , Julius and Geitel , Hans}
}